Developing a Thematic, Interdisciplinary, Student-centered, Group Project Approach to Holocaust Curriculum &Instruction

WORKSHOP AGENDA

INTRODUCTIONS

Dr. Margarete L. Myers

Dr. Marsha L. Heck

OVERVIEW

Experiences

Student Responses

Curricular Issues

knowledge, dispositions, performance

Project Examples & Ideas

Historical & Cultural Context

Scholarship

Issues

Resources

More Ideas

ACTIVITY

Identify your class/content/unit

Identify a thematic/conceptual focus

Formulate an overview

introduction, conclusion, middle

Develop Ideas for an Interactive Project

bulletin board, on line, journaling

Identify resources you have/you need

What will you look for this week?

CONCLUDING DISCUSSION

Questions

Comments

Conclusions

Thank you for attending!

(Presenter Notes)

AGENDA

I5-10 INTRODUCTIONS--Strand is How can the Holocaaust be taught PreK-12 & College

Dr. Margarete Myers

intro self and Holocaust vitae

big courses on Europe

Dr. Marsha L. Heck

intro self and interest in holocasut as teacher prep

constructivism, Howard Gardner

k-12 integration thematic

20-30 OVERVIEW

Marsha

Experiences and reflections refining the unit over time

objectives

“throw it out there”

Student Responses frustration

surprises--shoe

Curricular Issues Banks model

cultural diversity

Humanity “What does it mean to be human and how shall we

live together

knowledge, dispositions, performance

Project Examples & Ideas briefly mention (LATER review)

MUSE,

TESSYE video

MARGARETE’S INFLUENCE Culture & Thematic Integration

Margaret

Historical & Cultural Context--Cultural differences and class structure

Scholarship

Issues

Resources

More Ideas

ACTIVITY CONCLUDING DISCUSSION

Identify your class/content/unit

Identify a thematic/conceptual focus Questions

Formulate an overview Comments

introduction, conclusion, middle Conclusions

Develop Ideas for an Interactive Project

bulletin board, on line, journaling

Identify resources you have/you need Thank you for attending!

What will you look for this week?

PLANNING WORKSHEET

Identify your class/content/unit

Identify a thematic/conceptual focus

Formulate an overview introduction, conclusion, middle

Develop Ideas for an Interactive Project bulletin board, on line, journaling

Identify resources you have/you need. What will you look for this week?

HOLOCAUST GLOSSARY FOR THEMATIC APPROACH WORKSHOP

Presented by:

Marsha L. Heck mlheck@iusb.edu & Margarete L. Myers mmyers@iusb.edu

Aktion Reinhard

Operation that had as its goal the annihilation of the entire Jewish population of the General government, the portion of Poland occupied by Germany. The operation was dubbed "Aktion Reinhard" by SS men in honor of Reinhard Heydrich, the main architect of the Final Solution, who was assassinated by members of the Czech underground in June 1942. Three death camps were built to accomplish the mass murder: Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Aktion Reinhard began in mid-March 1942 and ended in November 1943, during which more than two million Jews were killed.

Ansschluss

The annexation of Austria by Germany on March 13, 1938.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against and fear of Jews. Traditionally based on religion, anti-Semitism became political in the 19th century and racial in the 20th century under Hitler. The term "anti-Semitism" was first applied to a movement in opposition to the Jews in the second half of the 19th century. Under Hitler, Jews were considered biologically inferior and even conversion, which satisfied anti-Semites in earlier times, could not save them. The Jews, and only the Jews, were rounded up into ghettos and murdered in specially designed death camps.

Aryan

"Aryan" was a 19th-century linguistics term used to describe the Indo-European languages. The term was subsequently perverted to refer to the people who spoke those languages, which the Nazis deemed superior to those people who spoke Semitic languages. Aryan came to describe people of "Proven" non-Jewish and purely Teutonic "racial" background.

Aryanization

The expropriation of Jewish businesses, enterprises, and property, by

German authorities and their transfer to "aryan" ownership or control.

Auschwitz

Concentration and extermination camp in Upper Silesia, Poland. Established in 1940 as a concentration camp, it became an extermination camp in early 1942. Eventually, it consisted of three sections: Auschwitz I was the main camp; Auschwitz II, Birkenau, was an extermination camp; and Auschwitz III, Monowitz, was the I.G. Farben labor camp, also known as Buna. Auschwitz also operated a number of subsidiary camps. The Polish government and the Auschwitz State Museum officially estimate that 1.1 million people died at the camp: one million Jews, 70,000 to 75,000 Poles, 21,000 Gypsies, 15,000 Soviet POWs, and 5,000 others. Other estimates reach 1.6 million murdered at Auschwitz, 1.35 million being Jews.

Belzec

One of three killing centers in eastern Poland (the other two were Sobibor and Treblinka). It was established in 1942 and was closed in January 1943. During that time, more than 600,000 people were killed there, nearly all of them Jews

Buchenwald

One of the first concentration camps in Germany, formed in 1937, near Weimar. Immediately after their assumption of power on January 30, 1933, the Nazis established a complex network of facilities and camps, called Lager, in Germany and German-occupied territory, for the imprisonment of enemies of their regime. These enemies included actual and potential political opponents (Communists, Socialists, and Monarchists, for example), Jehovah's Witnesses, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other so-called asocials. The general roundup of Jews did not start until 1938. Before then, only Jews who fit one of the above categories were interned in concentration camps. The first three concentration camps were Dachau (near Munich), Buchenwald (near Weimar), and Sachsenhausen (near Berlin).

The Lager system essentially consisted of the following kinds of camps:

When preceded by "Frauen," the camp was designated for women,

Arbeitserziehungslager:Workers education camp

Arbeitshaus:Work house

Arbeitslager:Labor camp

Aussenkommando:Satellite camp

Durchgangslager:Transit camp

Gemeinschaftslager:Civilian workers camp

Haftlager:Custody camp

Internierungslager:Civilian internment camp

Jugendschutzlager:Protection camp for youths

Jugendverwahrungslager: Detention camp for youths

Julag (Judenlager): Camp for Jews

Kriegsgefangenenlager:Prisoner of war camp

Konzentrationslager:Concentration camp

Polizeihaftlager: Police custody camp

RAD (Reichs Arbeits Dienst) Lager: National Labor Service camp

Schutzhaftslager:Security camp

Sonderlager:Special camp

Strafgefangenenlager:Penal or punishment camp

Straflager:Penal or punishment camp

Vernichtungslager:Extermination camp

Vorzugslager:Preferential camp

Wohnlager:Housing units

Zwangsarbeitslager: Forced (slave) labor camp

Camp System

A complex network of facilities and camps in Germany and German occupied territory for "enemies" of the Nazi regime.

Chelmno

A death camp at a village near the Polish town of Kala. Chelmno was equipped with gas chambers and five crematoriums. It was established in 1941 and 370,000 people were murdered there, 365,000 of whom were Jews.

Dachau

The first concentration camp in Germany, established near Munich in March 1933 immediately after Hitler's assumption of power.

Einsatzgruppe

A detachment of an Einsatzgruppe followed behind the front line troops and massacred Jews. They rounded up Jews, forced them to dig ditches which became mass graves when the Einsatzgruppe executed their victims by gunfire. It was when this type of killing became too slow, and too psychologically taxing on the executioners, that the concept of death camps and the use of gas was developed. This meant that victims were brought to the killing centers, rather than being executed in their own villages.

Eisenhower

34th president of the United States between 1953-61. In 1942 was named U.S. Commander of the European Theater of Operations. He commanded the American landings in North Africa and in February 1943 became chief of all the Allied forces in North Africa. After successfully directing the invasions of Sicily and Italy, he was called to England to become chief commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces. He was largely responsible for the cooperation of the Allied armies in the battle for the liberation of the European continent.

Euthanasia

Originally, this term referred to the quick and painless death for the terminally ill. However, euthanasia under the Nazis took on quite a different meaning: practicing eugenics in order to improve the quality of the German race. This was the beginning of a development that culminated in the killing of the incurably insane, permanently disabled, deformed and those people deemed superfluous. In due course, three major classifications were developed: 1) euthanasia for incurables; 2) direct extermination by "Special Treatment" (gassing); and 3) experiments in mass sterilization.

Euthanasia Program

The program under which the Nazis murdered the people they deemed socially and genetically inferior. It was carried out under the code name "T4" (from the address "4 Tiergartenstrasse" of the Euthanasia Program's headquarters).

Final Solution

The German plan to murder all the Jews of Europe. Beginning in 1941, Jews were rounded up all over Europe and sent to extermination camps in Poland. The transports to the camps were disguised as part of a program for the Jews' "resettlement in the East."

Frank, Hans

The legal expert of the Nazi party and Hitler's personal lawyer, Frank was an early supporter of Hitler and participated in the beer hall putsch in 1923. He served as the head of the General government in Poland from 1939-45 and as such he controlled Europe's largest Jewish population and oversaw the Nazis' major killing centers. He was tried at Nuremberg, where he admitted his guilt."A thousand years will pass" he said, "and still this guilt of Germany will not have been erased." Frank was sentenced to death and hanged in 1946.

IG Farben

one of the German companies, including BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst, that made extensive use of slave labor. In close partnership with Hitler, IG Farben established factories near concentration camps to take advantage of the large pools of forced laborers. Its Buna works near Auschwitz manufactured synthetic rubber from coal or gasoline. IG Farben was an important contributor to Hitler's rearming of Germany and the actual war effort.

Gas chambers

Units made up of an anteroom, gas chamber, and crematorium. Most common method of exterminating Jews in camps. Victims, told that they were to take a shower, undressed in the anteroom and then moved into a large room (the largest could hold a thousand people) with shower heads in the ceiling. The door to the "shower room" was hermetically sealed and poisonous Zyklon B gas was released from the shower heads. When all the victims were dead, the corpses were wheeled to the crematorium and burned. This method of disposal hid the evidence of the crime and was efficient and cheap.

Genocide

Deliberate murder of an ethnic, religious, racial, or national group. The term was first coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1944 to describe the Nazis' systematic annihilation of Jews of Europe. Lemkin, a Polish Jew, lost 72 of the 74 members of his family in the Holocaust.

Gestapo

The Nazi Secret State Police. The name was created from the first letters of the German name Geheime Staatspolizei. Established in Prussia in 1933, its power spread throughout Germany after 1936. The Gestapo's chief purpose was the persecution of Jews and dissident political parties. Under Himmler's direction, the Gestapo was a prime force in the murder of the six million Jews.

Ghetto

Derived from the medieval term "ghetto," designating a walled community, to describe the compulsory Jewish quarters. These ghettos were created in the poor sections of cities. Non-Jews were evicted from these sections, and all the Jews living in the surrounding areas were transported there and forced to live there. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, these ghettos were sealed, and no one could legally leave. Established mostly in eastern Europe (in Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, and Minsk, for example), the ghettos were vastly overcrowded. Food was scarce and sanitation poor; disease and starvation killed hundreds daily. These ghettos served as collection centers and facilitated subsequent deportations to the death camps.

Goebbels, Joseph

Goebbels joined the Nazi party in 1924 and became the party's chief of propaganda in 1930. He was responsible for gathering support for the Nazis among the general population. After Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Goebbels became the minister of propaganda and public information. He controlled the media and oversaw the "Nazification" of public discourse and written materials. He supervised the publication of Der Stuegrmer and conducted the propaganda campaign against the Jews. He was responsible for the book burning of May 10, 1933. On the day following Hitler's death, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide in Hitler's bunker, after first ordering the murder of their six children, all under the age of thirteen.

Goering, Herman

Goering joined the Nazi party in 1922 and took part in the beer hall putsch of 1923. He was one of the men responsible for creating the Gestapo and was the commander of the German Luftwaffe (air force). Goering also supervised the confiscation and administration of Jewish wealth. He was tried and sentenced to death at the Nuremberg trials, but he poisoned himself in his cell before the sentence could be carried out.

Hess, Rudolf

A close aide to Hitler, he was one of the first to join the Nazi party in 1920. He was arrested and imprisoned along with Hitler after the November 1923 beer hall putsch. He helped Hitler compose Mein Kampf while they were both in prison. In May 1941 Hess flew to Britain in the hope of persuading the British to make peace with Germany. Hess was arrested upon landing and spent the rest of his life in prison. He committed suicide in 1987, the only inmate of the Spandau Prison in West Berlin.

Heydrich, Reinhard

Head of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police, or Sipo), the SD (Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service), and Reichssicherheitsdienst, Security Service), and the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office, RSHA). He was the main planner and executor of the anti-Jewish policies of the Nazis. In June 1942 he was attacked by Czech resistance fighters and died of his wounds. In retaliation the Germans destroyed the Czech town of Lidice and killed all its male inhabitants.

Himmler, Heinrich

Reich leader of the SS, Gestapo, and the Waffen-SS and German minister of the interior from 1943-45. The most powerful man in Germany after Hitler, Himmler was instrumental in establishing the concentration camp system and overseeing the implementation of the Final Solution. After Germany's surrender he tried to escape but was captured by the British. He committed suicide in May 1945 before he could be brought to trial for his war crimes.

Holocaust - Term used to describe Hitler's attempt to exterminate all Jews from Europe.

Hitler, Adolf

Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor of Germany, Hitler was born in Austria, but settled in Munich in 1913. At the outbreak of World War 1, he enlisted in the Bavarian army, in which he became a corporal and received the Iron Cross First Class for bravery. Returning to Munich after the war, he joined with a few nationalist veterans in the German Workers' party. In 1920 the party was reorganized under his leadership and became the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP, or Nazi party). In November 1923 Hitler attempted the Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich, which was supposed to bring Germany under nationalist control. When the coup failed, he fled but was arrested and sentenced to five years in the Landsberg fortress. He served only nine months, but during that time he dictated to Rudolf Hess the text of Mein Kampf, which became the bible of National Socialism.

In 1938 Hitler implemented his dream of a "Greater Germany" by first annexing Austria, then (with the agreement of the Western democracies) the Sudetenland (the German province of Czechoslovakia), and finally Czechoslovakia itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler's army invaded Poland. By then the Western democracies realized that no agreement with Hitler could be valid, and World War II had begun. In the blitzkrieg (lightning war) he defeated France, invaded Belgium and Holland, and occupied Denmark and Norway. In June 1941 he invaded the Soviet Union but although the Germans occupied extensive territory, they did not succeed in conquering it. England continued to fight the Germans despite significant losses. When the United States joined the war in December 1941 after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the tide slowly began to turn. Although the war was obviously lost by early 1945, Hitler insisted that the Germans fight to the death. He remained in his bunker in Berlin when the city was stormed by the Red Army. On April 29, 1945, he married his longtime girlfriend, Eva Braun. On April 30 he committed suicide with her in the underground shelter of the Chancellery. Their bodies were burned by supporters at Hitler's request.

Judenrat - Council of Jewish elders, created by the Nazis to administer occupied Jewish communities.

Maidanek

This camp, located at Lublin-Maidanek in eastern Poland (General government), was opened in late 1941. At first a labor camp for Poles and a POW camp for Russians, it was classified as a concentration camp for Jews in April 1943. Like Auschwitz, it was also an extermination camp, holding large numbers of Jews, all of whom were killed in November 1943. Maidanek was liberated by the Red Army in July 1944.

Mauthausen

A concentration camp for men opened in August 1938 in Austria, near Linz. Established to exploit the nearby quarries, it was classified by the SS as a camp of utmost severity, and conditions were brutal, even by concentration camp standards. Many inmates were killed by failing or being pushed into the quarries.

Mein Kampf

The manifesto Adolf Hitler wrote while he was imprisoned in 1924 for his role in the beer hall putsch. All his ideas, beliefs, and plans for the future of Germany, including his foreign policy, are outlined in the book. His racial ideology is also clearly defined. The Germans, belonging to the "superior" Aryan race, have a right to living space (Lebensraum) in the East, which is inhabited by "inferior" Slavs. Throughout the book, Hitler accuses the Jews of being the source of all evil. He compares them to the communists but at the same time claims they control international capitalism. Unfortunately, most of the people who read Mein Kampf (except for Hitler's admirers) did not take it seriously and believed it to be the ravings of a maniac.

Mengele, Josef

The SS physician at Auschwitz, notorious for his pseudo-medical experiments on camp inmates and especially on twins and Gypsies. Inmates called him the Angel of Death because he was the one who determined if new arrivals would live or die immediately in the gas chambers. A simple gesture of his hand pointing to the left or right would seal an arrival's fate. Those considered too weak or too old were sent to the gas chambers; those who he considered able to work were sent to the concentration or labor camps. After the war Mengele spent some time in a British internment hospital but disappeared and escaped, presumably to Argentina. With the assistance of government authorities in Brazil and Portugal, Mengele succeeded in avoiding arrest and trial for his crimes. He is reported to have died in Brazil in 1985.

Menorah

A seven-branched candelabrum that was used in the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem and is now used in synagogues and Jewish homes all over the world. There are several interpretations of what the Menorah symbolically represents. One holds that the seven branches represent the creation of the universe in seven days, with the center light symbolizing the Sabbath. Another interpretation is that the seven branches represent the seven continents of the world and the seven heavens guided by the light of God.

Nacht und Nebel

"Night and Fog," the code name given to the decree of December 12, 1941, by the German High Command of the Armed Forces which directed that persons in occupied territories guilty of activities against Germany's armed forces were to be deported to Germany for trial by special courts and held in concentration camps.

NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei)

The National Socialist German Workers Party, the party led by Adolf Hitler after 1920.

Nuremberg Laws

Aryan Blood and Honor was promulgated. Prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and "citizens of German or related blood"; employment in Jewish households of female citizens or "German or related blood" under age of 45; and the raising of the Reich flag by Jews. In November 1935 a second law was enacted, the Reich Citizenship Law, which stated that only persons of "German or related blood" could be citizens. Jews from that point on were regarded as "subjects," not citizens, of Germany.

Partisan

Underground fighters against Nazi occupation forces, operating mainly in the forests. There was a general partisan movement that included Jews. Jewish partisan groups operated in White Russia, Poland, and Lithuania.

Pogrom

The Russian word for "devastation," pogroms were violent riots against Jews in villages, towns, and large urban areas in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. While usually spontaneous attacks perpetrated by hooligans, they were supported by anti-Semitic elements. Often rumors, such as blood libels (in which the Jews are accused of stealing a Christian child for sacrifice in their rituals), were circulated to create trouble. Typically, the police were often bribed or turned a blind eye.

Race Violators

Anyone committing an act which is contrary to the anti-Semitic edicts of the Nuremberg Laws, or of other anti-Semitic or racial orders by the German government.

Reich

Literally Empire, as in Third Reich; also meaning Federal or National.

Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)

The National Central Security Department formed in 1939 combining the existing Security Police (Gestapo and Kripo) and the SD. It was the central office of the Supreme Command of the SS and the National Ministry of the Interior.

SA (Sturmabteilung)

The Stormtroopers, or "brownshirts," the original shock troops of the Nazi party founded in 1921.

Sauckel, Fritz

Sauckel joined the Nazi party in 1921 and held senior honorary ranking in both the SA and the SS before World War II. In 1942 he was appointed plenipotentiary-general for labor mobilization in which he oversaw the seizure of millions of workers for the armaments and munitions production program. His harsh treatment of slave laborers caused the deaths of thousands of Jews in Poland. Sauckel was tried and convicted of his crimes at Nuremberg and was hanged on October 16, 1946.

SD (Sicherheitsdienst)

The Security Service of the SS, formed in 1932 under Reinhard Heydrich, as the sole intelligence organization of the Nazi party.

Sipo (Sicherheitspolizei)

The Security Police composed of the Gestapo and the Kripo.

Sobibor

Death camp established in 1942 and located in Poland's Lublin district. The total number of victims killed at the camp is estimated at between 225,000 and 250,000. All of the victims were Jews, The camp was closed in 1943 after an inmate uprising in which 300 prisoners escaped.

Sonderbenhandlung

The Nazi euphemism meaning that Jewish men, women, and children were to be methodically killed with poisonous gas. In the exacting records kept at Auschwitz, the cause of death of Jews who had been gassed was indicated by "SB," the first letters of the two words that form "Sonderbehandlung," the German term for "Special Treatment."

Speer, Albert

Hitler's architect and the German minister of armaments from 1942-45. Speer was appointed minister of armaments after Fritz Todt was killed in 1942. In this position, Speer dramatically increased armaments production through the use of millions of slave laborers. After the war, Speer was tried at Nuremberg, found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and sentenced to twenty years in prison. At his trial Speer admitted his guilt and took responsibility for the actions of the Nazi regime.

Star of David

In Hebrew, the star is called Mogen David, the Shield of David. A long-standing symbol of Judaism, it was used by the Nazis on badges to identify Jews. After September 1, 1941, all Jews in Germany over the age of six had to wear this badge whenever they appeared in public. Being caught without it could mean death. The Nazis imposed badges on the Jews in all the countries they occupied.

SS

Abbreviation for Schutzstaffel (Protective Squad), the Nazi paramilitary blackshirted stormtroops. It was built into a giant organization by Heinrich Himmler and included, among others, the police, camp guards, and the Waffen-SS.

SS-Sonderlager

A special detention camp of the SS.

Swastika (Hackenkreuz in German)

Originally ancient civilizations used it as a symbol of fertility and good fortune. It has been found in the ruins of Troy, Egypt, China, and India. It was adopted by the Nazis and transformed into a symbol of Aryan supremacy.

Treblinka

Death camp in Poland that was established in May 1942. Between 700,000 and 900,000 people perished in this camp, nearly all of them Jews. The camp was closed in mid- 1943.

Waffen-SS

Militarized units of the SS.

Wannsee Conference

Meeting held at a villa in Wannsee, Germany, on January 20, 1942, to coordinate the implementation of the Final Solution. Chaired by Reinhard Heydrich and attended by Adolf Eichman and many other civilian and military leaders, the meeting established the administrative apparatus for accomplishing Hitler's dream of a Europe free of Jews.

Weimar Republic

Germany's political structure following World War I. The Constitution called for an elected President, a Chancellor (Prime Minister) appointed by the President, a Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the Chancellor, and an elected house of representatives, i.e. Parliament, called the Reichstag. The governing powers rested with the Chancellor through the ministry, with the President retaining veto powers and performing ceremonial duties. The Reichstag provided more of an advisory role than an actual legislative one.

Yahrzeit

The anniversary of the death of a loved one. A candle is lit in memory of the departed and the prayer for the dead, the Kaddish, is recited.

Zyklon-B

The commercial name for hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas used in the Euthanasia Program and at Auschwitz. The poison was produced by the firm DEGECH, which was controlled by IG Farben. Zyklon B was delivered to the camps in the form of pellets in air-tight containers. When the pellets were exposed to the air they turned into a deadly gas that would asphyxiate victims within minutes.

HOLOCAUST RESOURCES FOR THEMATIC APPROACH WORKSHOP

A Working Document to Get You Started or Build Your Collection

Presented by:

Marsha L. Heck mlheck@iusb.edu & Margarete L. Myers mmyers@iusb.edu

ARTICLES

Dutka, Elaine. "Tibet Revised to Stress Character's Nazi Past". Los Angeles Times. August 15, 1997

Ealy, Charles. "Tibet's Shaky History: Much of This True Story Just Isn't So". Dallas

Morning News. October 12, 1997: C3.

Fersuson, Julia. "Dalai Lama's Austrian Tutor Says was in Nazi Party". Reuters North America Wire. May 28, 1997.

"A Reunion to Make the World Remember." U.S. News and World Report 25 April 1983: 6.

Alter, Jonathon. "After the Survivors." Newsweek 20 December 1993: 116-120.

Ben Alex. "What are we teaching Americans about the Holocaust?" South Bend Tribune II January 1998: 4.

Beck, Melinda, and Jeff Copeland. "Footnote to the Holocaust." Newsweek 19 October 199 1:73.

Cole, Wendy, and Dan Cray. "Debating the Holocaust." Time 27 December 1993: 83.

Elson, John. "What Did They Know?" Time I April 1996: 73.

Franklin, Mike. "We Must Remember the Holocaust." The Tech 20 April 1990: 4.

Gelman, David. "Forgive, But Don't Forget." Newsweek 29 April 1985: 18-24.

Jacoby, Tamar. "The Holocaust: Why the Jews?" Newsweek 15 May 1989: 64-65.

Kitterman, David. "Those Who Said No!" Social Ed February 1991: 113.

Krauthammer, Charles. "Holocaust: Memory and Resol

ve. " Time 3 May 1993: 84.

Lipstadt, Deborah. "Not Facing History." The New @e ublic 6 March 1995: 26-29.

Lipstadt, Deborah. "Through the Looking Glass: Press Responses to Genocide. " Social Education February 1991: 116-120.

McConnick, John. "The Holocaust's New Lessons." Newsweek 3 december 1990: 52.

Morganthau, Tom. "Judgement at Bitburg. " Newsweek 29 April 1985: 14-18.

Moffow, Lance. "The Morals of Remembering." Time 23 May 1983: 88.

"Most Remember; Some Begin to Deny." Time 3 May 1993: 2 1.

Parsons, William S., and Samuel Totten. "Teaching and Leaming about Genocide:

Questions of Content, Rationale and Methodology." Social Ed February 1991:85-90.

Powell, Stewart. "Silence is Welcome." U.S.News and World Report 4 February 1985: 29-30.

Refin, David Oliver. "Remembering the Holocaust." Scholastic U@date 24 March 1995: 25-27.

BOOKS

Bauer, Yehuda History of the Holocaust (Excellent general text)

Browning, Christopher Ordinary Men (German Reserve Police involved in mass murder)

Halevie, Philip Lest Innocent Blood be Shed (Righteous Gentiles in Le Chambon, France)

Hartman, Geoffrey H. ed. Holocaust Remembrance (incl. essays on designing memorials)

Sobol, Joshua Ghetto (play based on events in the Vilna ghetto)

Bachrach, Susan D. Tell Them we Remember. New York: Little,

Brown and Company, 1994.

Brooks, Philip. The United states Holocaust Memorial Museum.

New York: Children's Press, 1996.

Harrer, Heinrich. Seven Years in Tibet. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc., 1996.

Fest, Joachim. Hitler. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.

Payne, Robert. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973.

Swiebocka, Teresa. Auschwitz: A History in photographs Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

Wright, David K. A multicultural Portrait of WWII. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1994.

Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. NeW York:Simon & Schuster Inc., 1990.

Thomas, Gordon and Max Morgan Witts. Voyage of the Damned New York: Stein and Day, 1974.

Wright, David K. A multicultural Portrait of WWII. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1994.

VIDEOS

The Wave (U.S. high school students learn first hand how Nazism spreads)

Weapons of the Spirit (return to Le Chambon, subtitled interviews with Righteous Gentiles)

The People Next Door (interviews with South Bend Holocaust survivors & liberators)

Night and Fog (graphic documentary footage, subtitles. Use with caution)

Au Revoir Les Enfant (French school attempts to hide Jewish boys)

Heritage:Civilization and the Jews (PBS series exploring Jewish History)

The Long Way Home (Holocaust survivors and the founding of the state of Israel.)

WEB RESOURCES

ORGANIZATIONS

Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation,Inc. (617)232-1595

Contact Person: Marc Skvirsky, Program Director

16 Hurd Road

Brookline, MA 02146-6919

http://www.facing.org (web site) offers middle & high school curricula, videos, etc.

Kurt and Tessye Simon Fund for Holocaust Remembrance

Contact Person: Rabbi Morley Feinstein (219)234-4402

Temple Beth El

305 W. Madison

South Bend, IN 46601

Offers video & CD-Rom (The People Next Door)

Your local synagogue or Jewish Community Federation

CHILDREN'S BOOKS

Gerda Weissmann Klein, Promise of a New Spring (allegory of forest fire and renewal)

Judy Hoffman, Joseph and Me (child in hiding in Amsterdam)

Jo Hoestlandt, Star of Fear, Star of Hope (French girl misses Jewish friend)

Judith Kerr, When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit (German-Jewish girl is refugee lengthy book. Perhaps best to read to class over an extended period)

I never saw another butterfly...(poems & drawings by children in Theresienstadt)

YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE:

Anne Frank, The Diary of Anne Frank (adolescent girl in hiding with family & others)

Gerda Weissman Klein, All but My Life (teenage girl in Poland and concentration camps)

Elie Wiesel, Night (author's life in concentration camps as 15-year-old boy)

I never saw another butterfly... (poems & drawings by children in Theresienstadt)

SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES

Human Diversity in Action , McGraw-Hill College Boston1998

Diversity Workbook beginning with self awareness moving to awareness of others.

Cultural Awareness

Arrange with a local rabbi to tour a synagogue and to visit religious services as a class

Creative Expression

Read scenes from Sobols Ghetto and discuss issues of collaboration and moral and ethical leadership

Design a Holocaust or genocide memorial (discuss intended audience, what is being commemorated, desired outcomes for viewers/visitor, etc.)

Take scenes from a memoir and turn it into a one-act play to perform for younger classes

Civic Action

Organize a food or clothing drive for local needy

Organize voter registration drive on campus or in underrepresented neighborhoods

Identify a social justice issue and write letters to government representatives

INCORPORATING JEWISH HISTORY INTO EXISTING COLLEGE CURRICULA WITH SUGGESTED READINGS

Early Modern Europe

ghettoes and persecution (The Golem in Nathan Ausubels Treasury of Jewish Folklore)

social & economic life (The Memoirs of Glückel of Hameln, a German-Jewish widow)

Enlightenment

religious tolerance (Lessings Nathan the Wise, esp. The Parable of the Rings)

French Revolution, Emancipation and Liberalism

assimilation and liberalism (life & works of Heinrich Heine, Stefan Zweig or Franz Kafka)

Crisis of Modernity and Political Anti-Semitism

anti-semitic political parties in late 19th century (Peter Pulzers The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria, the Dreyfus Case in France)

history of scientific racism (Toward the Final Solution, by George Mosse)